Correlation between nursing culture and the change of nursing practice Thesis

Connection between's nursing society and the difference in nursing practice - Thesis Example The nursing discipline has been using research proof since more than 30 years, state Estabrooks, Winther and Derksen (2004). Be that as it may, researchers keep on being not able to distinguish what impacts research use. Singular determinants of exploration use are not considered in research discoveries singular components anticipating research use. Further, Scott-Findlay and Estabrooks (2006) found that in research ventures on nursing hierarchical culture, where singular determinants were considered, the agents regularly examined determinants not agreeable to change, for instance age, sexual orientation, and long periods of nursing experience. Thinking about the way that most of human services experts incorporating medical attendants work in complex associations, it is essential to move center towards examining determinants of examination usage for medical caretakers all in all, at the authoritative level. Nursing society assists with deciding nursing authoritative effect on nursesà ¢â‚¬â„¢ practices, especially comparable to explore use practices. In this manner, Scott-Findlay and Estabrooks (2006, p.499) see that â€Å"in nursing, one authoritative angle, hierarchical culture, is progressively refered to as a critical effect on the utilization of examination by clinicians†, for example, attendants associated with clinical practice. As per Del Bueno and Vincent (1986), in nursing, the term hierarchical culture previously showed up in 1986. Among a predetermined number of authoritative culture systems in the accessible writing, one of the most regularly utilized structures is that of Schein (1992). Culture is refered to at three crucial levels, in a various leveled way; these include: noticeable ancient rarities, qualities, and essential fundamental presumptions. Antiques are the most available components of culture, being noticeable and substantial. Qualities are the particularly communicated standards, social standards and belief systems considered to have inborn worth and significance inside the association. Suppositions are the deepest or center components of culture, they give desires that sway observations, ideas and emotions about the association, for example, the field of nursing. As per Scott-Findlay and Estabrooks (2006, p.499), â€Å"assumptions are the underestimated convictions about the real world and human instinct that experts in an association share†. In this manner, ancient rarities are appearances of qualities, while values are signs of presumptions. The three degrees of nursing society continually and more than once impact one another. Postulation Statement: The reason for this paper is to explore nursing society, and look at its effects on the difference in nursing practice, with an accentuation on proof based practice and nursing research. Nursing Culture comprises a lot of meanings of reality normally put stock in by a gathering of individuals sharing a particular lifestyle. Meanings of hierarchical cu lture community on suffering properties of culture, for example, qualities, suppositions, and convictions that manage the procedures inside the gathering. As in many gatherings and associations, on account of nursing likewise, culture is considered as the ‘

Plastics Essays - Plastics, Thermoplastics, Dielectrics, Free Essays

Plastics Essays - Plastics, Thermoplastics, Dielectrics, Free Essays Plastics The Recycling of Thermoset Materials into Thermoplastic Composites Theoretical Thermoset procedure scrap costs organizations a great many dollars yearly. Explicit thermoplastics could profit by the expansion of reused thermoset material. The joining of thermoset regrind into thermoplastic material would give a practical option in contrast to the thermoset piece that is right now sent to the landfills. Hypothesis and Background At the point when a thermoset part has been cross-connected, that material either must be utilized in the application it was planned for, or tossed out. In process scrap, for the most part shear sand/saw grindings and other waste, is delivered to the landfill for removal. The absence of reusing in the thermoset business brings about higher last costs for the customer. Building up a commonsense technique to reuse thermoset materials would make a financially attainable composite material. The expansion of the regrind would diminish the necessity for costly virgin material, diminishing the composite materials cost. This would furnish the thermoset and thermoplastic ventures with considerable reserve funds. Thermoset regrind, from Haysite Re-Inforced plastics, polypropylene co-polymer from ExxonMobil, and Silane Q1-6106 from Dow Corning were utilized to make the new composite. At Haysite, the regrind is a result of the sanding of enormous cover sheets of fiberglass-fortified polyester. Each sheet is sanded to definite size, with the waste residue being sent to the landfill. The residue utilized in this examination was taken from Haysite's EMD product offering. This regrind comprises of roughly 30% glass strands, 31.5% calcium carbonate filler, 20% polyester saps, and the last 18.5% of the blend is included natural impetuses, shades, and follow measures of profoundly thought synthetic compounds. The silane goes about as a coupling operator between the polypropylene and the regrind on a sub-atomic level. The silicon and oxygen atoms, present in the silane, structure solid ionic bonds between the glass particles in the regrind. This piece of the silane-coupling specialist additionally shap es auxiliary power bonds with the chains of the propylene polymer. Van der wal powers may make bond quality between the glass strands and the polypropylene too. The polyester sap part of the reground material additionally uses van der wal powers. These powers feebly bond the tar particles to the virgin propylene. The sap and glass fiber part of the regrind is ideal whenever attached to the polypropylene legitimately. The silane doesn't give any holding powers between the calcium carbonate and propylene particles. Calcium carbonate is likewise hygroscopic which may require material drying if properties are influenced by the water retention. Dow Corning's Silane Q1-6106 is a high consistency fluid, and thinks about best to a waxy gel. The expansion of the silane give critical wetting between the materials, which causes clustering. Various, more affordable materials can recreate the wetting normal for the silane, nonetheless, the atomic holding benefits are not duplicable with these different materials. Exploratory Blending Initially, it was suggested that the material be intensified through expulsion and palletizing with ensuing infusion shaping. A regrind level of 20% and 30% was chosen to guarantee the money related advantages would exceed the expenses related with silane and the aggravating of the composite material. Additionally, a more affordable option was attractive as the expenses of the general procedure would rise and take away from the cost reserve funds gave by the utilization of the thermoset regrind. At the point when it became clear that the material could be straightforwardly infusion formed, this option was chosen over the expulsion activity. Generally speaking, the method followed was perfect, proficient, and could be utilized to deliver enormous amounts of the composite material in a brief timeframe. Blending was preformed to the accompanying rules. A five-gallon container was fixed with two trash sacks, and loaded up with 4.35 kilograms of the virgin polypropylene. Next, the pitch was wetted with 0.17 kilograms of silane. The blend was then tumbled to abstain from bunching in a particular region and to forestall poor circulation of the silane. The subsequent wetting additionally comprised of the 0.17 kg of silane and a subsequent tumbling. The regrind was then coordinated into this blend by parting the sum down the middle, and including the regrind in two clusters of 0.99 kg each. After every expansion of regrind the material was tumbled. To deliver the 20% stacked parts, half of the 30% regrind stacked parts were reground into typical pellet size and blended in with

Sexual abstenance Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Sexual abstenance - Research Paper Example Restraint from sex is accepted by most guardians and strict gatherings to be the main satisfactory technique for contraception for young people. In such manner, the article intends to proffer issues relating to sexual forbearance. The talk would at first characterize sexual forbearance and decide its short chronicled foundation. In like manner, the impacts of forbearance just methodology in sex training would be analyzed. At long last, a few proposals and suggestions on utilizing restraint in sexual training would be introduced. Sexual restraint is characterized as â€Å"the practice of deliberately forgoing sex and (typically) other sexual movement. Sexual forbearance is regularly viewed as a subset of conduct with regards to modesty as the last alludes likewise to demeanor and plan and not negligible mechanics. Sexual forbearance is normally upheld in the classes of strict/moral concerns and wellbeing/social worries, with a noteworthy cover between the two† (WordIQ, standard. 1). In an article distributed by Avert on restraint and sex instruction, the conversation gave away from of forbearance based way to deal with sexual training which supports restraint from sex until marriage. The Federal Law in the United States listed learning destinations of restraint instruction, indeed: In an investigation led via Planes, et.al. on definitions and instances of restraint to Spanish University understudies, the discoveries uncovered that the present comprehension of the term is equivocal coming about to dangerous sexual practices (Planes, et.al, 172). A table showed in the exploration on the meanings of the significance of the term forbearance by sexual orientation gave â€Å"778 models or meanings of abstinence† (Planes, et.al, 170) approving the different comprehension of understudies on the precise meaning of the term. The talk gave by WordIQ followed the improvements on sexual opportunity to the First World War which shows that the

Supply Chain Management In Indian Retail Industry - Free Essay Example

Retail, one of Indias largest industries, has presently emerged as one of the most dynamic and fast paced industries of our times with several players entering the market. Accounting for over 10 per cent of the countrys GDP and around eight per cent of the employment retailing in India is gradually inching its way toward becoming the next boom industry. As the contemporary retail sector in India is reflected in sprawling shopping centers, multiplex malls and huge complexes offer shopping, entertainment and food all under one roof, the concept of shopping has altered in terms of format and consumer buying behavior, ushering in a revolution in shopping in India. This has also contributed to large scale investments in the real estate sector with major national and global players investing in developing the infrastructure and construction of the retailing business. The trends that are driving the growth of the retail sector in India are ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Low share of organized retailing ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Falling real estate prices ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Increase in disposable income and customer aspiration ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Increase in expenditure for luxury items Another credible factor in the prospects of the retail sector in India is the increase in the young working population. In India, hefty pay-packets, nuclear families in urban areas, along with increasing working-women population are emerging opportunities in the services sector. These key factors have been the growth drivers of the organized retail sector in India which now boast of retailing almost all the pref erences of life Apparel Accessories, Appliances, Electronics, Cosmetics and Toiletries, Home Office Products, Travel and Leisure and many more. With this the retail sector in India is witnessing a rejuvenation as traditional markets make way for new formats such as departmental stores, hypermarkets, supermarkets and specialty stores. The retailing configuration in India is fast developing as shopping malls are increasingly becoming familiar in large cities. When it comes to development of retail space specially the malls, the Tier II cities are no longer behind in the race. If development plans till 2007 is studied it shows the projection of 220 shopping malls, with 139 malls in metros and the remaining 81 in the Tier II cities. The government of states like Delhi and National Capital Region (NCR) are very upbeat about permitting the use of land for commercial development thus increasing the availability of land for retail space; thus making NCR render to 50% of the malls in I ndia. India is being seen as a potential goldmine for retail investors from over the world and latest research has rated India as the top destination for retailers for an attractive emerging retail market. Indias vast middle class and its almost untapped retail industry are key attractions for global retail giants wanting to enter newer markets. Even though India has well over 5 million retail outlets, the country sorely lacks anything that can resemble a retailing industry in the modern sense of the term. This presents international retailing specialists with a great opportunity. The organized retail sector is expected to grow stronger than GDP growth in the next five years driven by changing lifestyles, burgeoning income and favorable demographic outline. Another cap to the retailing industry in India is allowing 51% FDI in single brand outlet. The government is now set to initiate a second wave of reforms in the segment by liberalizing investment norms further. This will no t only favor the retail sector develop in terms of design concept, construction quality and providing modern amenities but will also help in creating a consumer-friendly environment. Retail industry in India is at the crossroads but the future of the consumer markets is promising as the market is growing, government policies are becoming more favorable and emerging technologies are facilitating operations in India. And this upsurge in the retail industry has made India a promising destination for retail investors and at the same time has impelled investments in the real estate sector. As foreign investors cautiously test the Indian Markets for investments in the retail sector, local companies and joint ventures are expected to be more advantageously positioned than the purely foreign ones in the evolving Indias organized retailing industry. Objective of the Study To understand the Importance of Supply Chain Decisions and Supply Chain Modeling Approaches in the retail majors, and try to understand the significant role played by the logistics and the supply chain system of the retailers on the economies of scale of the organization Literature Review Importance of Logistics SCM A supply chain is a network of facilities and distribution options that performs the functions of procurement of materials, transformation of these materials into intermediate and finished products, and the distribution of these finished products to customers. Supply chains exist in both service and manufacturing organizations, although the complexity of the chain may vary greatly from industry to industry and firm to firm. Below is an example of a very simple supply chain for a single product, where raw material is procured from vendors, transformed into finished goods in a single step, and then transported to distribution centers, and ultimately, customers. Realistic supply chains have multiple end products with shared components, facilities and capacities. The flow of materials is not always along an arbores cent network, various modes of transportation may be considered, and the bill of materials for the end items may be both deep and large. Trad itionally, marketing, distribution, planning, manufacturing, and the purchasing organizations along the supply chain operated independently. These organizations have their own objectives and these are often conflicting. Marketings objectives of high customer service and maximum sales dollars, conflict with manufacturing and distribution goals. Many manufacturing operations are designed to maximize throughput and lower costs with little consideration for the impact on inventory levels and distribution capabilities. Purchasing contracts are often negotiated with very little information beyond historical buying patterns. The result of these factors is that there is not a single, integrated plan for the organizationthere were as many plans as businesses. Clearly, there is need for a mechanism through which these different functions can be integrated together. Supply chain management is a strategy through which such integration can be achieved. Supply chain management is typically vie wed to lie between fully vertically integrated firms, where the entire material flow is owned by a single firm and those where each channel member operates independently. Therefore coordination between the various players in the chain is key in its effective management. Cooper and Ellram [1993] compare supply chain management to a well-balanced and well-practiced relay team. Such a team is more competitive when each player knows how to be positioned for the hand-off. The relationships are the strongest between players who directly pass the baton, but the entire team needs to make a coordinated effort to win the race. Research Problem To understand the intricacies involved with the following aspect of supply chain management Supply Chain Decisions We classify the decisions for supply chain management into two broad categories strategic and operational. As the term implies, strategic decisions are made typically over a longer time horizon. These are closely linked to the corporate strategy (they sometimes {it are} the corporate strategy), and guide supply chain policies from a design perspective. On the other hand, operational decisions are short term, and focus on activities over a day-to-day basis. The effort in these type of decisions is to effectively and efficiently manage the product flow in the strategically planned supply chain. There are four major decision areas in supply chain management: 1) location, 2) production, 3) inventory, and 4) transportation (distribution), and there are both strategic and operational elements in each of these decision areas. Location Decisions The geographic pla cement of production facilities, stocking points, and sourcing points is the natural first step in creating a supply chain. The location of facilities involves a commitment of resources to a long-term plan. Once the size, number, and location of these are determined, so are the possible paths by which the product flows through to the final customer. These decisions are of great significance to a firm since they represent the basic strategy for accessing customer markets, and will have a considerable impact on revenue, cost, and level of service. These decisions should be determined by an optimization routine that considers production costs, taxes, duties and duty drawback, tariffs, local content, distribution costs, production limitations, etc. (See Arntzen, Brown, Harrison and Trafton [1995] for a thorough discussion of these aspects.) Although location decisions are primarily strategic, they also have implications on an operational level. Production Decisions The strategic decisions include what products to produce, and which plants to produce them in, allocation of suppliers to plants, plants to DCs, and DCs to customer markets. As before, these decisions have a big impact on the revenues, costs and customer service levels of the firm. These decisions assume the existence of the facilities, but determine the exact path(s) through which a product flows to and from these facilities. Another critical issue is the capacity of the manufacturing facilitiesand this largely depends on the degree of vertical integration within the firm. Operational decisions focus on detailed production scheduling. These decisions include the construction of the master production schedules, scheduling production on machines, and equipment maintenance. Other considerations include workload balancing, and quality control measures at a production facility. Supply Chain Modeling Approaches Clearly, each of the above two levels of decisions require a different perspective. The strategic decisions are, for the most part, global or all encompassing in that they try to integrate various aspects of the supply chain. Consequently, the models that describe these decisions are huge, and require a considerable amount of data. Often due to the enormity of data requirements, and the broad scope of decisions, these models provide approximate solutions to the decisions they describe. The operational decisions, meanwhile, address the day to day operation of the supply chain. Therefore the models that describe them are often very specific in nature. Due to their narrow perspective, these models often consider great detail and provide very good, if not optimal, solutions to the operational decisions. To facilitate a concise review of the literature, and at the same time attempting to accommodate the above polarity in modeling, we divide the modeling approaches into three areas N etwork Design, Rough Cut methods, and simulation based methods. The network design methods, for the most part, provide normative models for the more strategic decisions. These models typically cover the four major decision areas described earlier, and focus more on the design aspect of the supply chain; the establishment of the network and the associated flows on them. Rough cut methods, on the other hand, give guiding policies for the operational decisions. These models typically assume a single site (i.e., ignore the network) and add supply chain characteristics to it, such as explicitly considering the sites relation to the others in the network. Simulation methods are a method by which a comprehensive supply chain model can be analyzed, considering both strategic and operational elements however, as with all simulation models; one can only evaluate the effectiveness of a pre specified policy rather than develop new policy. It is the traditional question of What If? versus Whats Best? Network Design Methods As the very name suggests, these methods determine the location of production, stocking, and sourcing facilities, and paths the product(s) take through them. Such methods tend to be large scale, and used generally at the inception of the supply chain. The earliest work in this area, although the term supply chain was not in vogue, was by Geoffrion and Graves [1974]. They introduce a multi-commodity logistics network design model for optimizing annualized finished product flows from plants to the DCs to the final customers. Geoffrion and Powers [1993] later give a review of the evolution of distribution strategies over the past twenty years, describing how the descendants of the above model can accommodate more echelons and cross commodity detail. Breitman and Lucas [1987] attempt to provide a framework for a comprehensive model of a production-distribution system, PLANETS, that is used to decide what products to produce, where and how to produce it, which markets to pursue and what resources to use. Parts of this ambitious project were successfully implemented at General Motors. Cohen and Lee [1985] develop a conceptual framework for manufacturing strategy analysis, where they describe a series of stochastic sub- models, that considers annualized product flows from raw material vendors via intermediate plants and distribution echelons to the final customers. They use heuristic methods to link and optimize these sub- models. They later give an integrated and readable exposition of their models and methods in Cohen and Lee [1988]. Cohen and Lee [1989] present a normative model for resource deployment in a global manufacturing and distribution network. Global after-tax profit (profit-local taxes) is maximized through the design of facility network and control of material flows within the network. The cost structure consists of variable and fixed costs for material procurement, production, distribution and transportation. They validate the model by applying it to analyze the global manufacturing strategies of a personal computer manufacturer. Finally, Arntzen, Brown, Harrison, and Trafton [1995] provide the most comprehensive deterministic model for supply chain management. The objective function minimizes a combination of cost and time elements. Examples of cost elements include purchasing, manufacturing, pipeline inventory, transportation costs between various sites, duties, and taxes. Time elements include manufacturing lead times and transit times. Unique to this model was the explicit consideration of duty and their recovery as the product flowed through different countries. Implementation of this model at the Digital Equipment Corporation has produced spectacular results savings in the order of $100 million dollars. Rough Cut Methods These models form the bulk of the supply chain literature, and typically deal with the more operational or tactical decisions. Most of the integrative research (from a supply chain context) in the literature seems to take on an inventory management perspective. In fact, the term Supply Chain first appears in the literature as an inventory management approach. The thrust of the rough cut models is the development of inventory control policies, considering several levels or echelons together. These models have come to be known as multi-level or multi-echelon inventory control models. For a review the reader is directed to Vollman et al. [1992]. Multi-echelon inventory theory has been very successfully used in industry. Cohen et al. [1990] describe OPTIMIZER, one of the most complex models to date to manage IBMs spare parts inventory. They develop efficient algorithms and sophisticated data structures to achieve large scale systems integration. Significance of the Study The key aspects of retail marketing are an attitude of mind. The 2004 NRF Foundation/American Express 2004 Customer Service survey showed 99 percent of shoppers report customer service being important when deciding to make a purchase, NRF reported. The most important elements of good customer service to traditional shoppers revolve around retail employees and the store environment, according to the survey, with nearly two thirds of shoppers finding it extremely important for retail employees to be courteous (67 percent) and treat shoppers like valued customers (65 percent). The report also stated consumers dislike being pressured to buy merchandise (69 percent) and find it extremely important that employees are available to ask for help (61 percent). Environmental factor for them is a neat and clean store, which 60 percent of shoppers said is extremely important. Retail marketing decisions are driven by what the shoppers need and want. Consumers are individuals who purchase products or services for personal consumption and in the retail context it is critical to realize that management can not be effective unless it has an understanding of the process of how retail consumers make decisions and act in relation to retail products. Blackwell, Miniard and Engel (2000) define the initial step of this decision-making process as need recognition in terms of emotional and psychological needs recognition. However the extent to which the consumer intends to resolve the problem depends on the relative perceived importance of the problem to them and the degree of difference between the current and desired situation. If the problem recognition is of a sufficiently strong degree then information search and evaluation of alternatives stages will occur. What the customers regard as value and what they buy is decisive. It can therefore be seen that potential customers go through a series of stages before they choose a brand or product to purchase. Hence branding strategies used by retailers need to be aware of elements in these first stages which might have an effect on later choices. Additionally a determinant of the degree to which customers evaluate a brand is their level of involvement, i.e. high levels of involvement mean extensive evaluation processes, (Hawkins, Best and Coney, 1989). Price is often seen as an indicator of involvement level because people spend more time searching and comparing prices. The essential elements While many elements may make up a firms retail marketing mix, the essential elements may include  ·Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Store location,  ·Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  merchandise assortments  ·Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Store ambience,  ·Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  customer service,  ·Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  price,  ·Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Communication with customers Research Methodology Research methodologies play a vital role in defining the effectiveness and success of the research carried out. I have used Case study approach in understanding the difficulties that have occurred. Methodology in the process of research can be defined as a framework which helps us in understanding the research process or they can be defined as the mechanisms utilized for collecting the data for interpretation to deliver the best outcomes. Cohen, Manion and Morrison (2007) states thatÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬- the design of the research is covered by the notion of fitness for purposeÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬- which help in determining the methodology and research design. The process of research is an urge of searching for the facts that leads to a path of initiating a new technology/knowledge. Paradigm of Research Research paradigm may be defined as the assumptions made by an individual in order to guide him to deliver the best outcomes. The paradigm of the research can be understood based on the three levels The research methodology is well understood by the following assumptions: The three research paradigms which are considered important to conduct the research effectively by (Oates, 2006) are stated below: Positivism Constructivism and Critical Theory. Research Methodologies used: Qualitative Vs Quantitative A research can be either of the forms of the inquiry I, e Qualitative or Quantitative. Qualitative research method is the one that concentrates on identifying the complexity in the nature and ate also attempts in answering the questions WHY? And HOW? This kind of researches can be done only by the humans participating in the real world context mainly because of the ability of the humans to understand, confine and then co-relate them in real practice. Quantitative research method follows a very organized approach. Quantitative methods are basically utilized to understand the depth of the problem which answers the questions like HOW MANY? Inductive and Deductive: Inductive way of research is the one that comprises of the assumptions made previously about a topic and theories are build later taking this assumption as the base which means a solution is developed based on the assumption made rather than testing to prove whether or not the assumption made i s correct or wrong, where as the deductive approach comprises of the established hypothesis which is chosen initially and tested to verify the truth in it. Oates (2006) and Hyde (2000) state that both the inductive and deductive approaches make use of qualitative and quantitative process and several methods of collecting data during their research. The research approach that has been chosen for my dissertation concentrates on getting the inputs from various participants/victims (such as students, a technical consultant and a) in order to deliver a solution from the improvements that have generated from the previous problems. The current research makes use of the inductive way of approach for proposing an effective solution for the difficulties in the research depending on the observations, action and the practice. It utilizes not just quantitative but also qualitative inquiry modes. Suitable methodologies for this research  · Action research: (Elliott, 1978) has stated that action research ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢combines the diagnosis with reflection and focuses on the issues that are practical identified by the participants which are complex and at the same time which are capable of being changedÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬-. A new concept has emerged about how the action research can find out several ways of integrating themselves to obtain the sustainable organizational development (Mc Niff and Whitehead 2000). Case study approach: This kind of research methodology is mainly used for building the theories to analyze the complex problems. Case study approach gives a clear understanding of the possible events like the organization, people and the social movement. Case study is defined as the ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢the study of a complexity of a specific instance for understanding the activities in the context of the real worldÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬- (Helen Simons, 2009). A case study approach focuses on the real world context in a much detailed way. It takes a specific case in the firm or an institution rather than testing the generalized theory. The four stages involved in this approach: Design Conduct Analyze and Developing the conclusions and implications. (Yin.R,1994) Data collection: There are several ways of collecting the data as stated by (Cohen,Manion and Morrison, 2007) and supported by (Elliot, 1991) are as follows: Questionnaires Conducting tests Interviews Role play Accounts This type of data collecting methods are mainly used when the researcher needs the following aspects (Oates, 2006) Necessity to acquire the clear view When asking the complex questions using open-ended method or whose logic should be expressed differently to different individuals. To express the feelings, emotions and experiences which cannot be observed easily when using predefined questionnaire method. Conclusion At present most retailers in India comprise invested majorly into the front end, but comparatively little on the back end and supply chain. Still in countries like the USA, Germany and England, where organized retail is highly developed; supply chain efficiency is a major unease. The trend of retail sector in India is different from other countries around the world. The organized retail sector in India is highly fragmented and there are huge inefficiencies in the supply chain. In India, Future group derives significant economies of scale in managing their supply chain. With more than 170000 products, the company maintains a strong supplier relationship in a partnership mode, avoiding the exploitative supplier buyer transactional philosophy. The IT enabled back-end operations and supply chain management increases the reliability and efficiency of the business. As part of the operation, Future Group is also undertaking to reduce its warehousing costs through a consolidation pr ocess. In a country like India, where most retail stores are located in the heart of the city-where rents are high and storage space is scarce-supply chain management has even more serious business implications. Future Logistics now handles two-and-a-half million SKUs (or stock keeping units) a day across the Future Groups various retail formats around the country. By 2010, this number is expected to increase to more than 30 million SKUs a day. Even with 98% accuracy, some 600,000 pieces will not be delivered correctly, resulting in an estimated sales loss of more than Rs 4 crore a day. The biggest driver in consumer logistics is going to be zero defect in managing the supply chain. While infrastructure, technology, automation, processes and people will all play an important role, zero defect can only be achieved through vertical integration across the entire supply chain-from raw material supply, production, wholesale and retail. The different parts of the supply chain will no l onger be able to work in silos as they do today. Need for efficient logistics Before heading for transformation in-depth of logistics, let us first have a fleeting look through the need of good logistics system in India: Ensure coordination: To ensure perfect coordination with in various units of a retail venture like suppliers, manufacturers, and vendors. Perfect timings: To ensure that consumers get the right product at the right time and at the right place. Continuous supply: To ensure resourceful supply to retail stores across various geographic areas is seamless and consistent. Continuous growth: To achieve profitable and sustainable growth of retail operations in the long run. Optimum inventory: To achieve optimal inventory levels and reduce wastage of products.

Example of ANOVA Calculation

One factor analysis of variance, also known as ANOVA, gives us a way to make multiple comparisons of several population means. Rather than doing this in a pairwise manner, we can look simultaneously at all of the means under consideration. To perform an ANOVA test, we need to compare two kinds of variation, the variation between the sample means, as well as the variation within each of our samples. We combine all of this variation into a single statistic, called the ​F statistic because it uses the F-distribution. We do this by dividing the variation between samples by the variation within each sample. The way to do this is typically handled by software, however, there is some value in seeing one such calculation worked out. It will be easy to get lost in what follows. Here is the list of steps that we will follow in the example below: Calculate the sample means for each of our samples as well as the mean for all of the sample data.Calculate the sum of squares of error. Here within each sample, we square the deviation of each data value from the sample mean. The sum of all of the squared deviations is the sum of squares of error, abbreviated SSE.Calculate the sum of squares of treatment. We square the deviation of each sample mean from the overall mean. The sum of all of these squared deviations is multiplied by one less than the number of samples we have. This number is the sum of squares of treatment, abbreviated SST.Calculate the degrees of freedom. The overall number of degrees of freedom is one less than the total number of data points in our sample, or n - 1. The number of degrees of freedom of treatment is one less than the number of samples used, or m - 1. The number of degrees of freedom of error is the total number of data points, minus the number of samples, or n - m.Calculate the mean square of error. T his is denoted MSE SSE/(n - m).Calculate the mean square of treatment. This is denoted MST SST/m - 1.Calculate the F statistic. This is the ratio of the two mean squares that we calculated. So F MST/MSE. Software does all of this quite easily, but it is good to know what is happening behind the scenes. In what follows we work out an example of ANOVA following the steps as listed above. Data and Sample Means Suppose we have four independent populations that satisfy the conditions for single factor ANOVA. We wish to test the null hypothesis H0: ÃŽ ¼1 ÃŽ ¼2 ÃŽ ¼3 ÃŽ ¼4. For purposes of this example, we will use a sample of size three from each of the populations being studied. The data from our samples is: Sample from population #1: 12, 9, 12. This has a sample mean of 11.Sample from population #2: 7, 10, 13. This has a sample mean of 10.Sample from population #3: 5, 8, 11. This has a sample mean of 8.Sample from population #4: 5, 8, 8. This has a sample mean of 7. The mean of all of the data is 9. Sum of Squares of Error We now calculate the sum of the squared deviations from each sample mean. This is called the sum of squares of error. For the sample from population #1: (12 – 11)2 (9– 11)2 (12 – 11)2 6For the sample from population #2: (7 – 10)2 (10– 10)2 (13 – 10)2 18For the sample from population #3: (5 – 8)2 (8 – 8)2 (11 – 8)2 18For the sample from population #4: (5 – 7)2 (8 – 7)2 (8 – 7)2 6. We then add all of these sum of squared deviations and obtain 6 18 18 6 48. Sum of Squares of Treatment Now we calculate the sum of squares of treatment. Here we look at the squared deviations of each sample mean from the overall mean, and multiply this number by one less than the number of populations: 3[(11 – 9)2 (10 – 9)2 (8 – 9)2 (7 – 9)2] 3[4 1 1 4] 30. Degrees of Freedom Before proceeding to the next step, we need the degrees of freedom. There are 12 data values and four samples. Thus the number of degrees of freedom of treatment is 4 – 1 3. The number of degrees of freedom of error is 12 – 4 8. Mean Squares We now divide our sum of squares by the appropriate number of degrees of freedom in order to obtain the mean squares. The mean square for treatment is 30 / 3 10.The mean square for error is 48 / 8 6. The F-statistic The final step of this is to divide the mean square for treatment by the mean square for error. This is the F-statistic from the data. Thus for our example F 10/6 5/3 1.667. Tables of values or software can be used to determine how likely it is to obtain a value of the F-statistic as extreme as this value by chance alone.

Piagets Four Stages of Cognitive Development - 1621 Words

Describe Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development. Based on this understanding describe how you would tailor a coaching session to suit the needs of a child who is 6 years old. â€Å"The influence of Piaget’s ideas in developmental psychology has been enormous. He changed how people viewed the child’s world and their methods of studying children. He was an inspiration to many who came after and took up his ideas. Piagets ideas have generated a huge amount of research which has increased our understanding of cognitive development.† (McLeod 2009). Piaget purposed that we move through stages of cognitive development. He noticed that children showed different characteristics throughout their childhood development. The four stages of†¦show more content†¦Whilst playing around, teddy actually messed up one row of sweets. Once he was safely back in a box the children were asked if there were the same number of sweets. The children were between four- and six-years-old, and more than half gave the correct answer.† (McLeod 2009). They claimed that Piagets tasks prevents a child from conserving at an younger age. The Formal Operational stage- This stage occurs to a child who is above the age of twelve and goes onto their adult life. The child no longer requires material objects to think logically, they start to imagine and also start to predict outcomes. Advanced tactical knowledge is developed at a later stage. Everything the child does, the actions and thoughts are organised systematically. The child begin to manipulate ideas using his/hers brain. In problem solving children at the formal operational stage use a more strategic approach where as in the earlier stages the children and infants used a trial and error method to solve problems. The â€Å"third Eye Problem† used by Piaget was a successful way to demonstrate the difference between the earlier stages and the formal operational stage. Children of the concrete operational stage were asked where they would place an extra eye if they were given one and most of them answered with â€Å"on my forehead† compared to when chil dren from the formal operational stage were questioned, they replied by suggesting,Show MoreRelatedJean Piagets Four Stages Of Cognitive Development1326 Words   |  6 PagesTheory Overview Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development proposes that the developmental process of a child is the result of their brains maturity, their nervous system, and environmental factors. He believes the foundation of a childs ability to learn is through discovery learning (Gordon Browne, 2016). Piaget suggests that a child’s logic of thinking is different from that of an adults. Children’s cognitive performance is directly related to the stage of development that they are in currentlyRead More Piagets Four Stages of Learning in Cognitive Development Essay example1064 Words   |  5 PagesJean Piagets Four Stages of Learning in Cognitive Development Jean Piaget was a Swiss psychologist who did work on the development of intelligence in children. His studies have had a major impact on the fields of psychology and education. Piaget liked to call himself a genetic epistemologist (is a person who studies the origins of human knowledge) His theories led to more advanced work in child psychology. Piaget does work involving both experimental and observational methods. Piaget believedRead MoreEssay on Piagets Learning Theory in Elementary Education1549 Words   |  7 PagesPiaget’s Learning Theory in Elementary Education In order to support children’s growth educators try to provide a stimulating classroom environment. 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The Theory of Cognitive Development places f ocus on human intelligence and developmental thinking. â€Å"InfluencedRead MoreCognitvie Development1150 Words   |  5 PagesCognitive Development in Children Elteen Herman Sinte Gleska University PY 100 General Psychology Haelee Engel December 12, 2012 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Cognitive Development What is Cognitive Development? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Piaget’s Theory on Learning †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. How Cognitive learning can differ through cultures†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Cognitive Teaching Identifying children who may have a learning disability†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ What parents and teacherRead MoreJean Piaget s Cognitive Theory Essay1750 Words   |  7 Pageswell-renowned twentieth century scholar responsible for the development of the Cognitive Theory, focusing on how people think over time, which, in turn, reflects in how how attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors are shaped. Jean Piaget observed and divided the Cognitive Theory into four periods of cognitive development, which occur in the following order: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational. 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Vygostky’sRead MorePiaget’s Stage Theory in my eyes was four key stages of development marked by shifts in how they1000 Words   |  4 Pages Piaget’s Stage Theory in my eyes was four key stages of development marked by shifts in how they understand the world. To me Piaget’s theories had a major impact on the theory and practice of education. Her first theory was â€Å"A focus on the process of children’s thinking, not just its products. In addition to checking the correctness of children’s answers, teachers must understand the processes children use to get to the answer. Appropriate learning experiences build on children’s current level

Should Internet Have A Tax Essay Example For Students

Should Internet Have A Tax? Essay In 1998, retailers sold nearly $8 billion goods and services to consumers over the Internet, or on-line, while business to business online commerce was valued at an estimated $17 billion. Business weekly magazine (June 22, 1998) predicted that Internet commerce would increase the U.S. gross domestic product (GPD) by between $10 billion and $20 billion annually by 2002. They argue that imposing new Internet taxes, at least during the next few years, would bog down the Internets growth and stunt a sector of the economy that is currently flourishing. For now industry leaders say it is important to build consumer confidence in the Internet by refraining from imposing taxes or other regulatory barriers that may deter people from shopping on line. Internet retailers must charge a sales tax only if the company has some kind of physical presence, such as a warehouse or an office, in the state where the customer is buying the item. Otherwise, companies do not have to add the sales tax to the purchase price. In 1997, Sen. Ron Wyden introduced the legislation that developed into the Internet Tax Freedom Act. The ITFA called for a moratorium of approximately six years on the taxation of Internet transactions, access, or communications. Wyden called the moratorium a time out period that would give the Internet the opportunity to continue to grow. The goal of the legislation was to give lawmakers and Internet industry time to figure out a national taxation policy. Many businesses, he says, would be scared away from the Internet if they were burdened with the responsibility of monitoring and enforcing a thicket of conflicting sales taxes imposed by various states and municipalities.Indeed the potential loss of tax revenue for states and municipalities is one of the biggest concerns. Unlike the federal government, which does not impose a sales tax, states are heavily dependent on sales taxes to raise revenues. Sales taxes comprise 49% of tax revenues collected by the states, while state income taxes comprise only 33%, according to the federal statistics. Critics of the ITFA say that if states municipalities are not permitted to collect taxes on Internet transactions, they could lose much needed revenue that helps pay for government services such as highway construction and public education. Others say that not collecting sales tax from the Internet is inherently discriminatory since businesses that do not engage in electronic commerce must still charge sales taxes. It is fundamentally unfair that Main Street retailers should be required to collect a sales tax while Internet and mail order vendors can sell the same goods and not be required to collect a sales tax, argues Utah Gov. Michael Leavitt. Once consumers and businesses become accustomed to tax-free shopping on the Internet, there may be a backlash against attempts to impose sales taxes when the moratorium ends. Government should impose a tax on all items sold over the Internet. The simplest and easiest to implement, would be a flat rate that applies to all states. I think that if there is no tax collected from these sales, each state will start to suffer from lose of revenue that helps pay for some of lifes necessities such as roads, education, and law enforcement. I think that Congress knew that there was a problem and by putting a moratorium, it would give them time to come up with some ideas. But by the time they come up with ideas it will be to late. If they do enforce a tax on Internet sales, people will either pay it or start going back to Main Street businesses, then we have a problem because Internet will no longer have the same sale volume. If they do not enforce a tax, I think that the Main Street businesses will either shut their doors or go to the Internet for their sales. In the latter event they will probably still shut their doors and move to an office building. Why have a huge store that they no longer need when they can run everything from a computer. .u41fab4e8818473a00013b66843bcdac3 , .u41fab4e8818473a00013b66843bcdac3 .postImageUrl , .u41fab4e8818473a00013b66843bcdac3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u41fab4e8818473a00013b66843bcdac3 , .u41fab4e8818473a00013b66843bcdac3:hover , .u41fab4e8818473a00013b66843bcdac3:visited , .u41fab4e8818473a00013b66843bcdac3:active { border:0!important; } .u41fab4e8818473a00013b66843bcdac3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u41fab4e8818473a00013b66843bcdac3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u41fab4e8818473a00013b66843bcdac3:active , .u41fab4e8818473a00013b66843bcdac3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u41fab4e8818473a00013b66843bcdac3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u41fab4e8818473a00013b66843bcdac3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u41fab4e8818473a00013b66843bcdac3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u41fab4e8818473a00013b66843bcdac3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u41fab4e8818473a00013b66843bcdac3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u41fab4e8818473a00013b66843bcdac3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u41fab4e8818473a00013b66843bcdac3 .u41fab4e8818473a00013b66843bcdac3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u41fab4e8818473a00013b66843bcdac3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Cyber-Crime is a Serious Problem Essay I think government should put a tax on Internet sales. BibliographyReferencesCoy, Peter. You Aint Seen Nothin Yet. Business Week (June 22, 1998) p. 130 Denver Post. Then Internet Tax Dodge. (March 2, 1998) p. B6Gleckman, Howard. The Tax Man Eyes the Net. Business Week (April 6, 1998) p. 131Gruenwald, Juliana. Moratorium on Internet Taxes Advanced by House Pannels. Congressional Quarterly Weekly (October 11, 1997) p. 2475Hof, Robert; McWilliams, Gary; Saveri, Gabrielle. The Click Here Economy. Business Week (June 22, 1998) p. 122Social Issues